PREVALENCE OF VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C AMONG SELECTED GROUP IN THI-QAR
Abstract
A seoepidemiological study was carried out in Thi-Qar governorate; Southern Iraq. The aim was to estimate the prevalence of viral hepatitis B, C and HIV among selected group in Thi-Qar Governorate and to identify the risk factors among these infections. The study included 1128 blood donors, 126 cases, 100 healthcare workers and 162 patients with blood disorder group. An Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay {ELIZA} was used to estimate HBs antigen, anti HCV antibody and anti HIV antibody. Prevalence of viral hepatitis B and C collectively were (6.73%, 28%, 3%, and 35.2%) for the four groups respectively. The blood disorder group showed a particularly high prevalence of HCV infection (40%). While the prevalence for HIV was zero among all selected groups. Significant independent association was found between the risk of hepatitis B and C infection and the following risk factors: History of hepatitis infection, duration of infection, history of hospitalization, history of contact with jaundice patient, history of drug addiction and history of complication.References
- Anonymous. Viral hepatitis. Internet http:// www.medicinenet.com/ June 9 2004
- Zuckerman J., Banatvala E., Pattison R. Principles and practice of clinical
virology. Fourth edition. John Wily and sons Ltd., 2000: 198-217.
- Al-Deeb S M., Yaqub B A. Hepatitis B. Saudi Medical Journal 2001; 22(1): 84-85.
-Bonanni P. Universal hepatitis B immunization: infant and infant plus adolescent immunization. Vaccine 1998;16 suppl: 17-22.
- Kane M. Global program for control of hepatitis B infection. Vaccine 1995; 13: 47-49.
- Omata M. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 114-115
-Cann A J. Principles of molecular virology 3rd ed. Academic press 2001.
-Lee WM. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med.,1997;337:1733-1745.
- Benenson A S. Viral Hepatitis,. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 16th edition. Washington. American public health association. 2000;217-233.
- Chu D. Clinical Update of Viral Hepatitis A-G. Common Medical Disease, Viral Hepatitis Update. 2004; 20-24:20-24.
-Hyams KC. Risks and chronicity following acute hepatitis B virus infection: A review. Clin Infect Dis.1995;20:992-1000.
- Alter M J, Kruzon-Moran D, Naian OV ,et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United states ,1988 through 1994,N Engl J Med. 1999;341:556-568.
-Haslett C, Chilvers E R, Hunter J A et al. Davidson Principle and practice of medicine. Eighteenth edition. Edinburgh. London. New York. Philadelphia. Sydney. Toronto. Churchill Livingstone. 1999:706-707.
-Knauer C M. Silverman S. Elementary tract and liver. In Schroeder SA, Marcus A, Lawrence, et al. eds. of Current medical diagnosis and treatment.USA. Alange.1999: 396-418.
-Association of Medical Microbiologists. Viral hepatitis. http://www.amm.co.uk/ pubs/fa-hepatitis . 1993 (Internet).
- Robinson WS.HBVand HDV .In :Mandell GL,Bennett JE,Dolin R, eds. Principles andpractice of infectious Disease .4th ed. New York. NY: Churchill Livingstone. 1995:1406-1439.
-Chen DS. Viral hepatitis in East Asia. J Formos Med Assoc. 1996;95(1):6-12..
-AcuteViralHepatitis. http://www.merk.com//mrkshared/mmanual_home2/SEC10/ch137/1995-2004. (Internet)
-Alter MJ, Mast EE. The epidemiology of viral hepatitis in the United state. Gastroenterl Clin North Am.1994;23:437-455.
- National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Panel Statement. Management of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1997;26(suppll):2-10.
-Hurwitz ES, Neal JJ, Holman RC, et al. Chronic liver disease deaths associated with viral hepatitis in the United States. In: program and abstracts of the seventh national conference on chronic disease prevention and control, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1992. Atlanta, Ga: Puplic Health Service; 1992:85.
-Hoofnagle J H. Hepatitis C: The clinical spectrum of disease. Hepatology. 1997;26:15s-
- Wong J B, McQuillan GM, McHutchison J G. Estimating Future Hepatitis C Morbidity, Mortality and Cost in United State, American Journal of Public Health. October 2000; 90(10):1562-1569…
- Alter JM., Moran DK., Nainan OV, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C in the united states 1988 through 1994. The New Engl J Med . 1999;341(8):556-562.
-Focaccia R, Sette H J., Sabine E et al. Estimated prevalence of viral hepatitis in the general population of the Municipality of Saopaulo, measured by a serological survey of stratified, randomized and residence-based population. Braz J Infect Dis 1998 Dec; 2 (6):269-284.
-Ayala GJJ, Guerra AFJ, Mora BP, et al. Prevalence for viral markers for Hepatitis B, C,and HIV in volunteers blood donors in North West Mexico. Rev. Gastroenterology Mex. 1997; 62(4):250-253.
-Irshad M, Peter S. Spectrum of viral hepatitis in thalassemic children receiving multiple blood transfusion.
http://www.indianigastro.com?article.asp?issn=0254-8860:year.
-Bahtta Charya DK., Bhattacharjee S D, Mdhahiri P. Prevalence of HCV in transfused dependent Thalassaemics and haemophilics. Indian J Med 1991;94:430-432.
- Neumann PW, Weber JM, Jessamine AG, O’shaughnessy MV., ELISA, and HIA test with neutralization test for determination of immune status. J Clim. Microbiol., 1985;22:296-298.
-Amarapwrka DN, Kumar A, Vaidyas, et al. Frequency of hepatitis B, D and HCV in multi transfused thalassaemics. Indian J.Gastroenterol. 1992;11:80-81.
-Agarwat MB,Melton GH.,Ahave AA. Et al, antibody to HCV in multi transfused Thalassaemics. Indian experience. J. Assoc. physicians-India 1993.41:195-197.
-El Nanaway AA, El Azzoceni OF, Soliman AT, et al. Prevalence of HCV antibodies seropositivity in healthy Egyptian children and four high risk group. J. Trop. Paed. 1995;41:341-343.
- Mutimer DU, Odomi A,S, Skidmore S,et al. Viral hepatitis in Nigeria sickle cell disease. Assoc. 1993. 41:195-197.
-Mitsui T, Iwano K, Masuko K, et al. HepatitisC in medical personnel after needle-stick accidents. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1102-1114.
-Lanphear BP, Linneman CC, Canon CG, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in health-care workers: risk of exposure and infection. Infect Control Hospital Epidemiol 1994; 15: 745-750.
- Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Tamaka F, et al. Hepatitis C in hospital with needle stick injuries. Ann Intern Medical 1991;115: 367-369.
-Lanphaer BP. Trend and pattern in the transmission of the blood born pathogenes to health care workers. Epidemiol Rev 1994, 16: 437-450.
-Nakashima K, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J, et al. Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among hospital staff and acupuncturists in Kyushu, Japan. J infect 1993, 26: 17-25.
-Jochen ARB. Occupationally acquired hepatitis C virus infection (Letter). Lancet 1992, 330: 304.
- Germmandnd J, Barthes JP, Causse Y. The occupational risk of hepatitis C infection among hospital employees (Letter). Am J Public Health 1994, 34:122.
-Red Book. Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease. Hepatitis C. .American Academy of Paediatrics 24th edition 1997; 260-264.
-Lionis C, Koulentaki M, Biziagos E. et al. Current prevalence of viral hepatitis A., B and C in a well defind area in rural Crete, Greece. Journal of viral hepatitis. 1997;4:55.
