Article Sidebar

Submitted
September 11, 2021
Accepted
September 11, 2021
Published
September 11, 2021
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 292 Download : 213

Main Article Content

Abstract

     The present study aimed to determine the immune states against rubella in women underwent abortion by detecting the levels of IgM and IgG immunoglobulins in their sera. The study included a collection of venous blood samples from three hundred women underwent abortion whose ages ranged from (15-35) years were Al-Najaf governorate.Enzyme- linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA were used to determine the immunological response against rubella virus in our samples. ELISA test reflected a new infections which was (4.6 %) positive results. Anti-rubella IgG antibodies ELISA test revealed  (77%) positive result .

Article Details

References

  1. Aboudy, Y.; Barnea, B.; Yosef, L.; Frank, T. and Mendelson, E. (2000).Clinical rubella reinfection during pregnancy in a previously vaccinated woman, J. Infect. And Immu.; 41: 187–189.
  2. Al-Moslih, M.I.; Al-Bayatti , N.F.; Saleem, F.M. and Al-Kubaisi, W.A. (1988).Seroepidemiology of rubella in Baghdad. J. Fac. Med. Baghdad;36 (147):1-12.
  3. Atreya, C.D.; Mohan, K.V.K. and Kulkarni, S. (2004). Rubella virus and birth defects: molecular insights into the viral teratogenesis at the cellular level, Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol.; 70 : 431–437
  4. Azmi ,F.;Iqbal,J.;Rab.,A.; Khan,M.A.and Amin,A.(1987).Prevelance of anti-rubella antibodies in pregnant and prepubertal famels.A preliminary study. J.P.M.A.; 37: 6-7.
  5. Bantavala,J.E.andBrown,D.W.G.(2004).Rubella. Department of infectious Disease (virology section), kings College London, Enteric Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory. Health Protection Agency. London. UK.; 363:1127-1137.
  6. Bhaskaram, P.; Ramalakshmi, B.A.; Ramaraju, L.A. and Raman, L. (1991).Need for protection against rubella in India. Indian J. Ped.; 58: 811 – 814.
  7. Bottiger, B. and Jensen, I.P. (1997). Maturation of rubella IgG avidity over time after acute rubella infection. Clin. Diagn. Virol.; 8: 105–111.
  8. Broadbent, E.; Ajina, N. and Hurly, R. (1980). Susceptibility of vaccination. J. Clin. Pathol.; 33: 24-27.
  9. Center for Disease Control (1970).A procedure guide to the performance of the standardization rubella hemagglutination-inhibition test.Center for Disease Control. Atlanta .Ga.
  10. Center for Disease Control (1991–1992).Congenital rubella syndrome among the Amish-Pennsylvania .MMR 1992 ; 41 : 468-9, 475-6.
  11. Chantler, J. K.; Wolinsky, J. S. and Tingle, A. (2001). Rubella virus. In Fields Virology, 4th (ed ). Edited by D.
  12. Clarke,D.H. (1985). Techniqees for hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses. American Jurnal of Tropical Medicine and Hygien ; 7: 561-537.
  13. Cooper, L. Z., and Buimovici-Klein, E. (1985). Rubella, In B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, R. M. Chanock, J. L. Melnick, B. Roizman, and R. E. Shope (ed.). Virology. Raven Press. New York. N.Y. ; 1005-1020.
  14. Clearly,T.J.;Cid,A.;Ellis,B.;Malkus,H.,Noto, T.; Holbert, S. and castro, A. (1987). A direct enzyme – linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies for rubella virus in human sera .Res.Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol.;19:281-293.
  15. Cremer, .N.E.; Hagnes, S.J. ;Cossen, C. (1980).Comparison of the hemagglutination inhibition test and an indirect fluorescent antibody test for detection of antibody to rubella virus in human sera .J.Clin. Microbiol. ;11 :746-747.
  16. Cutts, F.T. ; Best, j. ; Siqueira, M.M. ; Engestrom, k. and Robertson, S.E. (1999). Guidelines for surveillance of congenital rubella syndrome and rubella , field test version, 1999. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO documented WHO/v&B/99.22).
  17. Daniel, W.W.; (1988). Biostatistics a formation for analysis in the health sciences. Daniel, W.W. 4th (ed.) John Wilely and Sons. New York.
  18. Dowdle, W.R.; Ferreira, W.; Gomes, L.F.D.; King, D.; Kourany, M.; Madalengoitia J., Pearson E., Swanston, W.H., Tosi, H.C. and Vilches, A.M. (1970). WHO Collaborative study on the seroepidemiology of rubella in Caribbean and Middle and South American populations. Bull. WHO.; 42: 419 – 422.
  19. Eckstein, M. ; Brown, D.W.G. ; Foster, A. and Richards, A.F. (1999) . Guidelines for surveillance of congenital rubella syndrome and rubella, field test version, may. Geniva : world health organization; 1999. WHO documented WHO/n/V&B/99.22).
  20. Gregg, N.M. (1941). Congenital cataract following German measles in mother. Transactions of the ophthalmologic society of Australia ; 3:35-46.Eckstein, M. ; Brown, D.W.G. ; Foster, A. ; Richards, A.F. ; Gilbert, C.E. and Vijayalakshmi P.(1996). Congenital rubella in south India: diagnosis using saliva from infants with cataract. B.M. j. ; 312:161.
  21. Hahne , S.J.; Abbink, F. and van Binnendiik, R.S. et al. (2005). Rubella epidemic in the Netherlands, 2004/'05: awareness of congenital rubella syndrome required, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd ;1174–1178.
  22. Haukenes, G. and Blom, H. (1975). False positive rubella virus haemagglutination inhibition reactions: occurrence and disclosure, Med Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl) 161: 99–106.
  23. Haukenes, G.(1979). Rubella Hemagglutination Inhibition Test. Act. Path. Microbiol. Scand, 87(8): 385-389.
  24. Immunise Australia Program (2000). Let's work together to beat measles: a report on Australia's measles control campaign. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care.
  25. Lanzieri, T. ; Parise, M. and Siquera, M. et al.,( 2004). Incidence, clinical features and estimated cost of congenital rubella syndrome after a large rubella outbreak in Recife, Brazil 1999–2000. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. ; 23 : 1116 –1122.
  26. Lee, J.Y. and Bowden, D.S., (2000). Rubella virus replication and links to teratogenicity. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.; 13: 571–587.
  27. Liebbaber, H. (1970). Measurement of rubella antibody by hemagglutination inhibition . characteristics for the removal of non-immunoglobulin HA inhibitors from serum.J.Immunol. ;104: 826-834.
  28. Lutwich, L.I (1997).Post exposure prophylaxis. Infect. Dis. Clin. North. AM.
  29. Martin, M. L.; Gary, G. W. and Palmers, E. L.(1979). Comparison of Hemagglutination Inhibition, Complement Fixation and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay for detection of rota virus. Arch. Virol. ;62:131.
  30. Menson, S. and Lyall, H. (2005). Clinical presentation of congenital virus infections. Curr. Paediatr.;15:163–170.
  31. Miller, E.; Cradock-Watson, J.E. and Pollock, T.M. (1982). Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy. Lancet ; 2:782-4.
  32. Miller, C.L. (1991). Rubella in developing world. Epidemiol. Infect. ; 107:63-8.
  33. Miller, C.L. (1991). Rubella in developing world. Epidemiol. Infect. ; 107:63-8.
  34. Pullen, G.R., Fitzgerald, M.G. and Hosking, C.S. (1986). Antibody avidity determination by ELISA using thiocyanate elution, J. Immunol. Methods ; 86: 83–87
  35. Rager-Zisman, B.; Bazarsky, E.; Skibin, A.; Chamney, S.; Belmaker, I.and Shai, I. (2003). The effect of measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) immunization on the immune responses of previously immunized primary school children. Vaccine ; 21 (19–20): 2580–2588.
  36. Reef, S. E.; Frey, T.K. and Theall, K. (2002). The changing epidemiology of rubella in the 1990s: on the verge of elimination and new challenges for control and prevention. J.A.M.A. 287: 464 -72 ; 5:45-50 ; 4: 23-30.
  37. Rittler, M. ; Lopez-Camelo, J. and Castilla, E.E. (2004) Monitoring congenital rubella embryopathy, Birth Defects Res. Part A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 70: 939–943.
  38. Sadighi , J., Eftekhar, H. and Mohammad, K. (2005).Congenital rubella syndrome in Iran, B.M.C. Infect. Dis.; 5: 44–50.
  39. Sullivan, E.M.;Burgess, M.A.and Forrest,J.M. (1999).The epidemiology of rubella and congenital rubella in Australia,1992 to 1997.Commun.Dis.Intell. ;23: 209–21.
  40. Tang, J.W.; Aarons, E.; Hesketh, L.M.; Strobel S.; Schalasta, G. and Jauniaux, E. (2003). Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella infection in the second trimester of pregnancy, Prenat. Diagn. ; 23: 509–512.
  41. Tingle, A. J. et al. (1985). Postpartum rubella immunisation: association with development of prolonged arthritis, neurological sequelae, and chronic rubella viremia. J. Infect. Dis.; 152: 606-12.
  42. Tingle, A. J. et al. (1986). Rubella-associated arthritis, comparative study of joint manifestations associated with natural rubella infection and Ra 27/3 immunisation. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases; 45: 110-4. Medline.
  43. WHO position paper , Rubella vaccines (2000).Wkly Epidemiol . Rec. ;75 : 161–169.
  44. Yaseen, M.E. (1992). Seroepidemiology of viral infections among pregnant women .M Sc. Thesis College of Medicin. University of Basrah.