A Study of Prolactin, Thyroid Stimulating Hormones, Malondialdehyde and Ceruloplasmin Levels in Infertile Women, in Thi-Qar Governorate/Iraq
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The study designed to investigate the level of prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormones, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) levelsof the groups of infertile and fertile females in Nasiriyah province, southern Iraq.
METHODOLOGY: Blood samples were collected from two groups of females (females with infertility and fertile women) with a total number of 99 infertile women and 70 fertile females at Bent Al-Huda maternity and children teaching hospital in Thi-Qar governorate. Autoanalyzercobas e411 instrument was used to estimate of prolactin, Thyroid-stimulating hormones and Ceruloplasmin levels in sera of patients and control group using Elecsys and cobas immunoassay analyzers. The MDA level of the serum was measured by the modified method of Fong et al. (1973). The concentration of plasma MDA was computed according to the equation of coefficient of MDA equal to 1.56 x103mol-1. cm-1.
RESULTS: Prolactin and TSH levels were significantly increased (p< 0.0001) in infertile females as compared to fertile women. A similar pattern was observed to concentrations of MDA and Ceruloplasmin were significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in patients when compared to control group.
CONCLUSION:The results of this study indicate that oxidative stress does occur in infertile females. Patients with infertility showed are higher significant rise in serum Prolactin hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in infertility patient group. All the patients with a high Prolactin level should have TSH estimation.
References
- Campbell S and Monga A. Gynecology by Ten Teachers, 2004; pp 12-182
- Merz E, Miric D, and Bahlmann F. Sonographic size of uterus andovaries in pre and postmenopausal women. Ultrasound ObstetGynecol. 1996; 7:38-42
- Chan C.C, Ng E.H, Lic F and Ho P.C. Impaired ovarian blood flowand reduced antral follicular count following laproscopic salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy. Human reproduction 2003, 18 : 2175-2180
- Kalsum A, Jalali S. Role of hyperprolactenemia in infertility. Pakistan J Med Res 2002, 41 (3):18
- Padubiri VG, Daftary SN. Physiology. In: Shaw’s textbook of Gynaecology, 13th edition, Elsevier, New Delhi, 2004: 38-47
- Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. 2nd ed. Oxford : Clarendon Press; 1989.
- Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Rview. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 2007; 39(1): p 44-84
- Behrman HR, Kodaman PH, Preston SL, Gao S. Oxidative stress and the ovary. J SocGynecolInvestig 2001; 8: S40-S42.
- Agarwal A, Sajal Gupta and Rakesh K Sharma. Role of Oxidative Strees in Female Reproduction. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2005, 3: 28
- Agarwal A, Anamar AM, Beena JP, Amani S and Sajal G. The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction : a review . Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2012, 10:49
- Smith C., Marks A. ,and Lieberman M. "Mark’s Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approch", 2nd edn. Eds. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia 2004, p.439-449
- Hellman NE and Gitlin JD. Ceruloplasmin metabolism and function. Annu Rev Nutr 2002, 22: 439-458
- Smith D, Gwiazda R, Bowler R, Roels H, Park R, Taicher C, et al. Biomarkers of Mn exposure in humans. Am J Ind Med 2007, 50: 801–811
- Gutteridge JM. Iron and oxygen radicals in brain. Ann Neurol 1992, 32: S16-S21
- Farmer EE, Davoine C. "Reactive electrophile species". CurrOpin Plant Biol2007, 10 (40) :380-386
- Moore K, Roberts L J. "Measurement of lipid peroxidtion". Free radic Res 1998, 28(6): 659-671
- Fong K. L., McCay P. B., and Poyer J. L. J BiolChem 1973, 248: 7792
- Hart R. Unexplained infertility, endometriosis and fibroids. BMJ 2003, 327(7417):721-724
- Speroff L, Glass R, Kase N. Clinical Gynecological Endocrinology and Infertility – Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 1999, U.S.A. 1035-1036, 1038-1043.
- Mohan and Sultana. Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone and Prolactin Levels in Infertile Women in North Chennai, Tamilnadu. J Bio Sci Res 2010, 1(4): 279-289
- Sunita T, Kanchan S, Avinash T. Hyperprolactinaemia and its Comparison with Hypothyroidism in Primary Infertile Women. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2013, 7(5): 794-796
- Inzucchi SE, Burrow GN: The thyroid gland and reproduction. In Reproductive Endocrinology, SSC Yen, RB Jaffe, RL Barbieri (eds), Philadelphia,W.B. Saunders 1999, pp 413–435
- Emokpae MA, Uadia PO, Mohammed AZ. Hormonal Evolutions and Endometrial Biopsy in Infertile Women in Kano, Northern Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine 2005, 4: 99 – 103
- Mohammed A. Z. Correlation of Prolactin and Thyroid Hormone Concentration with Menstrual Patterns in Infertile Women. Annals of African Medicine 2003, 4: 3.
- Nissreen F, Elzobir A, Elhashimi E, Siham MB, Nassr EM, Shrif A. Assessment of Serum Levels of Prolactin in Sudanese female patients with Primary Hypothyroidism- Khartoum State, Sudan. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014, 04(32): 1-4
- Iqbal NajiTawfiq. Correlation between levels of Serum Prolactin and Total Sialic Acids Concentrations in Fertile and Infertile women. Journal of Al-Nahrain University 2013, 16(2): 145-150
- Koutras DA. Disturbances of menstruation in thyroid disease. Ann N Y AcadSci 1997, 816:280-284
- Cramer DW, Sluss PM, Powers RD, McShane P, Ginsburg ES, Hornstein MD, et al. Serum Prolactin and TSH in an In Vitro Fertilization Population: Is There a Link Between Fertilization and Thyroid Function? Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 2003, 20 (6): 210-215
- Poppe K, Velkeniers B. Thyroid and infertility. Verh K AcadGeneeskdBelg 2002, 64(6):389-99
- Philippe A, Gianazza E and Mischel L: Study of acute phase reactants ceruloplasmin. Methods in enzymology1988, 163:441-452
- Winyard P.G, Hides R C, Brailsford S: Effects of oxidative stress on some physic chemical properties of ceruloplasmin. Biochemical Journal 1989, 258: 435- 445
- Al-HelalyLuay A. and Al-KadoObeda A. Oxidative Stress for Women Infertility in NinavaGovernorate. Journal Al-Rafedain Science 2012, 23(2): 128-147
- Bhaskar S, SharmilaUpadhya, Satish Kumar Adiga and Pratap Kumar N. Evaluation of oxidative stress, antioxidants and Prolactin in Infertile Women. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 2008, 23 (2): 186-190
- Majid K. Hussain, Hamza JM, Basima S, and Mazin T. Oxidative Stress in Primary Infertility of Women. Global Journal of Medical Research Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal System. 2013, 13(2):Version 1.
- Yildirim A, Aslan S, Ocak T, Yildirim S, Kara F, Sahin YN.Serum Paraoxonase - Arylesterase Activities and MalondialdehydeLevels in Trauma Patients. EAJM 2007, 39: 85-88
