Self-Reported Halitosis in Basrah University Students, a Prospective Study
Keywords:
halitosis, oral hygiene, Basrah university studentsAbstract
Background: The word “Halitosis” refers to the term “bad breath” which can be a result of colonization of bacteria in the mouth or oral cavity, other causes like chronic systemic diseases, dental caries or infections of the throat, mouth tonsils; in addition to bad or insufficient oral hygiene may cause halitosis. Objectives: This study was aiming to determine how frequently is self-assessed halitosis among a sample of Basra university students and the effect of the habit of oral hygiene and systemic diseases on it. Material and Methods: The questionnaire−based survey included 590 students from different colleges in Basrah university, (340 females and 250 males), Statistical analysis was done using the χ2 test. Results: Among those questioned, 27% suffered from halitosis, 56.2% of whom experienced it every morning. Fifty percent of students suffering from halitosis also suffered from xerostomia, 15.2 % of students discovered that they have mouth bad breaths from mates of a different gender from them, while 3.3% of students were examined and informed by their dentists. Those who smelled bad mouth breaths in others formed 94% of questioned students. The number of times brushing teeth does not significantly affect the occurrence of mouth bad odor, even up to 3 times per day(p = 0.08). products such as dental floss and mouthwashes were used often by the studied university students. To a larger extent; chewing gum and fresheners of the mouth were also used more often (74.5%) than flosses and mouthwashes(64%). Chewing gum and breath fresheners were used more often (74.5%) than such additional agents as mouthwash and floss (64%). Subjective halitosis decreased by using additional oral hygiene products (mouthwash and dental floss); as (p = 0.00016). Conclusions: Using additional oral hygiene agents rather than brushing more frequently reduces the self-assessed halitosis level. Chewing gum or breath fresheners are preferred by 74.5 percent of students over dental floss or mouthwash (64 percent ). A substantial percentage of those polled had both halitosis and xerostomia. Almost all of those polled (94%) reported smelling foul breath from others.References
Chitaivii N, Mdzeluri T, Dzagnidze G, Chonishivii Kh, Kurashivii N: Unpleasant smell from the mouth – halitosis. Georgian Med News 2006, 141, 26–29.
Hughes FJ, McNab R. Oral malodour--a review. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53 Suppl 1:S1.
Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc 2000; 66:257.
Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ 2006; 333:632.
Silva MF, Leite FRM, Ferreira LB, et al. Estimated prevalence of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:47.
Slot DE, De Geest S, van der Weijden FA, Quirynen M. Treatment of oral malodour. Medium-term efficacy of mechanical and/or chemical agents: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 Suppl 16:S303.
Rosenberg M, Kozlovsky A, Gelernter I, et al. Self-estimation of oral malodor. J Dent Res 1995; 74:1577.
Villa A, Zollanvari A, Alterovitz G, et al. Prevalence of halitosis in children considering oral hygiene, gender, and age. Int J Dent Hyg 2014; 12:208.
Nadanovsky P, Carvalho LB, Ponce de Leon A. Oral malodour and its association with age and sex in a general population in Brazil. Oral Dis 2007; 13:105.
Rosenberg M, Knaan T, Cohen D. Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake. J Dent Res 2007; 86:997.
Falcão DP, Vieira CN, Batista de Amorim RF. Breaking paradigms: a new definition for halitosis in the context of pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia. J Breath Res 2012; 6:017105.
John M, Vandana KL: Detection and measurement of oral malodor in periodontitis patients. Indian J Dent Res 2006, 17, 2–6.
Lee PPC, Mak WY, Newsome P: The aetiology and treatment of oral halitosis: an update. Hong Kong MedJ 2004 10, 414–418.
van Nieuw Amerongen A, Veerman EC, Abraham−Inpijn L, van Steenbergen TJ, van Winkelhoff AJ: Halitosis (fetor ex ore). A review. Ned Rijdschr Tandheelkd 1994, 101, 10–14.
Herold G: Gastroenterologia – przykry zapach z ust. Medycyna wewnętrzna, repetytorium dla studentów medycyny i lekarzy. Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, Warszawa 2003, 448.
Beers MH, Berkow R, Bogin RM, Fletcher AJ, Bondy PK, Dilts PV Jr, Drossman DA, Faling LJ, FrenkelEP, Gabbard GO, Hoeckelman RA, Mandell GL, Plum F, Rossi GV, Tancer PH: Badanie jamy ustnej.
W: The Merck Manual. Podręcznik diagnostyki i terapii. Wydawnictwo Urban & Partner, Wrocław 2001, 881.
Kępa−Prokopienko J, Iwanicka−Grzegorek E, Michalik E: Halitosis – etiology, classification and epidemiology on the basis of current literature. Nowa Stom 2005, 31, 41–44.
Scully C, Porter S, Greenman J: What to do about halitosis. BMJ 1994, 308, 217–218.
Yaegaki K, Sanada K.. Biocheml3. Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Clinical application of the questionnaire for diagnosis and treatment for halitosis. Quintessence Int 1999; 30:302-6.
Kozłowski Z, Bruziewicz−Mikłaszewska B, Konopka T, Drulis−Kawa Z, Lewczyk E: Using a halitometer to verify the symptoms of halitosis. Adv Clin Exp Med 2007, 16, 411–416.
Rosenberg M: Clinical assessment of bad breath: Current Concepts. JADA 1996, 127, 472– 482.
Feller L, Blignaut E: Halitosis: a review. SADJ 2005, 60, 17–19.
Bruziewicz−Mikłaszewska B, Urbanowicz I, Owczarek H: Microbiological aspects of halitosis. Dent Med Probl 2003, 40, 117–120.
Kaczmarek U, Przywitowska I, Ziętek M, Sułtan E, Malicka B, Pregiel B: Clinical efficiency ofnew manual toothbrush on removal of dental plaque and tongue coating. Dent Med Probl 2006, 43, 548–555.
Kowalczyk A, Tuberoso C, Bruziewicz−Mikłaszewska B, Cisowski W: Possible applicaons of some commercial seed oils in the treatment of stomatitis protetica and halitosis. Herba Polonica 2005, 51, 44–49.
Almas K, Al−Hawish A, Al−Khamis W: Oral hygiene practices, smoking habits, and self−perceived oral malodor among dental students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003, 4, 77–90.
Quirynen M: Management of oral malodor. J Clin Periodontol 2003, 30, 17–18.
