Prevalence of Depression among Pregnant Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum in Thi-Qar Maternity Hospitals, 2016
Keywords:
Depression, pregnant, hyperemesis gravidarum, Thi-Qar Maternity hospitals.Abstract
Background: Globally, depression is considered as the first leading cause of disease burden in women at child bearing age (15-44year). Nationally, scarce information was published regarding the prevalence of depression in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum.
Objectives: This study was carried out to measure the prevalence of depression among pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum in Thi-Qar Maternity hospitals.
Materials and methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in two teaching hospitals in Thi-Qar Maternity hospitals from first of Sep 2015 to 31st of Jul 2016. All pregnant women who were suffering from hyperemesis gravidarum, and attended the obstetric outpatients in these two hospitals were included. Based on assumed prevalence of depression among pregnant women in a previous study in Iraq was (37.2%), so the needed sample size to calculate such prevalence with precision of 5%, confidence level of 95%, and added extra sample of 10%, was almost equal to 322. Women data were collected by using Arabic version of Beck depression inventory-II and specialized questionnaire which was designed for the purpose of the study. Depression considered when patients had Beck depression inventory-II score of > 20.
Results: this study showed that prevalence rate of depression among pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum was 37.1%. This rate was significantly affected by increased gestational age (P = 0.003), high socioeconomic status (P = 0.009), previous history of hyperemesis (P = 0.03), unwanted pregnancy (P = 0.03), and increased gravidity (P = 0.03).
Conclusions: one-third of pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum in Thi-Qar Maternity hospitals had depression. It is recommended to reinforce mental health care of pregnant women through the antenatal care services at primary health care level, with strengthening the mental and social rehabilitation method that were used for diagnosed women with depression.
References
Edmonds DK. Dewhurst’s Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing;2007. P 1-717 .
Flaxman SM, Sherman PW. Morning sickness: a mechanism for protecting mother and embryo. Q Rev Biol 2000; 75(2):113–48.
McCarthy FP, Lutomski JE, Greene RA. Hyperemesis gravidarum: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health 2014; 6:719–25.
Akiskal HS. Mood disorders: Clinical features. In Sadock BJ sadock VA,Ruiz P.EDS. Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th ed. VOL.1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2009; pp. 1693–1733.
Milanović SM, Erjavec K, Poljičanin T, Vrabec B, Brečić P. Prevalence of depression symptoms and associated socio-demographic factors in primary health care patients. Psychiatria Danubina, 2015; 27(1): pp 31–7.
Wissart J, Parshad O, Kulkarni S. Prevalence of pre- and postpartum depression in Jamaican women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2005;5:15.
Bennett HA, Einarson A ,Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systematic review. Obst & Gyn. 2004;103(4):698-709.
Jabbour S, Giacaman R, Khawaja M, Nuwahid I, editors. Public Health in the Arab World. First Edit. Cambridge University Press, 2012; P;258.
Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: Systematic review. Obst. & Gyn. 2004;103(4):698-709.
FarisS.Depressionstatistics.28th,2012.Retrievedfrom: www.Healthline.com/Health/Depression/Statistics.
Biaggi A, Conroy S, Pawlby S, Pariante CM. Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016; 191:62-77.
Al-Asadi JN, Hussein ZB. Depression among infertile women in Basrah, Iraq: Prevalence and risk factors. J Chinese Med Assoc. 2015;78:673–7. 13.Charan J, biswas T. how to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research. Indian j Psychol Med 2013; 35(2): 121-6.
Ghareeb AG. Manual of Arabic BDI-II. Alongo Press. Cairo Inventory: the author’s twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 2000;8:77–100.
Solar O, Irwin A. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.P:1–65.
Chung TK, Lau TK, Yip AS, Chiu HF, Lee DT. Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Psychosomatic Medicine 2001; 63(5):830–4.
Aksoy H, Aksoy Ü, Karadağ Öİ, Hacimusalar Y, Açmaz G, Aykut G, et al. Depression levels in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum: a prospective case–control study. Springerplus 2015; 4:2–7.
Tan PC, Zaidi SN, Azmi N, Omar SZ, Khong SY. Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Temporal and Case Controlled Correlates. PLoS ONE 2014; 9(3):e92036
Al-Azri M, Al-Lawati I, Al-Kiyumi M, Al-Rawahi A, Davidson R, Al-Maniri A. prevalence and risk factors of antenatal depression among Omani women in primary care setting. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2016;16(1):e35-e41.
Kamalak Z, Köűş N, Köűş A, Hizli D, Ayrim A, Kurt G. Is there any effect of demographic features on development of hyperemesis gravidarum in the Turkish population? Turk J Med Sci .2013 ;43: 995-9.
Goyal D, Gay C, Lee KA. How much does Low Socioeconomic Status Increase the Risk of Prenatal and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in First Time Mothers? Women’s health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health 2010; 20(2):96-104.
Rwakarema M, Premji SS, Nyanza EC, Riziki P, Palacios-Derflingher L. Antenatal depression is associated with pregnancy-related anxiety, partner relations, and wealth in women in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.BMC Women’s Health 2015; 15:68.
Sabri Y, Nabel H. The impact of anxiety and depression during pregnancy on fetal growth and the birth outcome. Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry 2015; 36 (2): 95-100.
Schetter DC, Tanner L. Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Current opinion in psychiatry 2012; 25(2):141-8.
Ajinkya S, Jadhav PR, Srivastava NN. Depression during pregnancy: Prevalence and obstetric risk factors among pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital in Navi Mumbai. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2013; 22(1):37-40.
Kamalak Z, Köűş N, Köűş A, Hizli D, Ayrim A, Kurt G. Is there any effect of demographic features on development of hyperemesis gravidarum in the Turkish population? Turk J Med Sci.2013; 43: 995-9.
Hizli, D., Kamalak, Z., Kosus, A., Kosus, N., & Akkurt, G. Hyperemesis gravidarum and depression in pregnancy: is there an association? Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2012;33(4): 171–5.
Räisänen S, Lehto SM, Nielsen HS, Gissler M, Kramer MR, Heinonen S. Risk factors for and perinatal outcomes of major depression during pregnancy: a population-based analysis during 2002–2010 in Finland. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004883.
Benute GRG, Nomura RMY, Siracuza RJ, Fraguas Jr R, Lucia MCS, Zugaib M. Depression during pregnancy in women with a medical disorder: risk factors and perinatal outcomes. Clinics 2010; 65(11):1127-31.
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am [Internet]. 2011 Jun;40(2):309–34, vii.
Christensen AL, Stuart EA, Perry DF, Le H-N. Unintended pregnancy and perinatal depression trajectories in low-income, high-risk Hispanic immigrants.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research 2011; 12(3):289-99.
