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December 15, 2025
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Abstract

Sleep deprivation is increasingly common among high school students in grades 10–12 due to academic pressure, social factors, and lifestyle changes. Although adolescents need 8–10 hours of sleep, most do not achieve this. Lack of sleep negatively impacts their physical health (metabolism, immunity) and psychological well-being (mood, thinking ability), and long-term deprivation can lead to depression, anxiety, obesity, and poor academic performance. Understanding these physiological and psychological factors is crucial for improving students’ overall health and school outcomes. The objectives of this study are to identify the main sociodemographic characteristics of high school students, to determine the physiological and psychological factors associated with sleep deprivation, and to assess the association between selected sociodemographic characteristics and the identified physiological and psychological factors among the study sample. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2024 to May 2025 to assess the prevalence and factors associated with sleep deprivation among high school adolescents in Ranya City. A representative sample was drawn from five randomly selected public schools using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through a constructed questionnaire based on relevant literature and standardized tools, validated by 19 experts, and shown to have a reliability coefficient of r = 0.736. The questionnaire covered sociodemographic information, academic performance, screen time, physical activity, caffeine intake, and sleep patterns. Out of 327 participating students, 229 who reported sleep deprivation were included in the analysis of physiological and psychological factors. Among them, 76.9% sometimes experienced physiological disruptions such as caffeine use, physical discomfort, and hunger before sleep, while 54.6% reported psychological discomfort related to schoolwork, personal matters, and emotional stress. Psychological factors showed significant associations with gender, grade level, parents’ occupations, and economic status, whereas physiological factors were not significantly related to any sociodemographic characteristics. The findings show that psychological factors contributing to sleep deprivation are closely tied to gender, grade level, parental employment, and socioeconomic status, while physiological factors are shaped more by individual habits than by background characteristics. Overall, the results highlight the need to prioritize psychological stressors when promoting better sleep health among adolescents.

Keywords

Physiological factors psychological factors sleep deprivation

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Copyright (c) 2025 Parwin Anwar Muhammed, Sanaa Hassan Abdul Sahib

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