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Abstract
40% of cases present in the area of head and neck. They are divided into superficial and deep
types. Superficial type involves skin and present with significant functional and cosmetic
outcome. Deep type includes intramuscular malformation and may have delayed presentation
until subjected to infection and trauma (1-3).
Phlepoliths are defined as calcified thrombi and related to vascular malformations or
hemangiomas produced by stasis of peripheral blood flow and are secondarily mineralized and
enlarged (4). Phleboliths in head and neck region reported in both children and adults and
commonly in the cheek. (5,6)
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References
- - J.B. Mulliken, J. Glowacki Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants
- and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics Plast Reconstr Surg, 69 (1982),
- p. 412
- - S. Russell, R.G. Watts, S.A. Royal, et al. Group A streptococcal infection of an
- intramuscular venous malformation: a case report and review of the literature Pediatr Emerg
- Care, 24 (2008), pp. 839-841
- Thi-Qar Medical Journal (TQMJ):Vol.( 26),No.(2),2023
- Web Site: https://jmed.utq.edu Email: utjmed@utq.edu.iq
- ISSN (Print):1992-9218
- - R.S. Glade, G.T. Richter, C.A. James, et al. Diagnosis and management of pediatric
- cervicofacial venous malformations: retrospective review from a vascular anomalies center
- Laryngoscope, 120 (2010), pp. 229-235
- - G. Anneroth, C.-M. Eneroth, G. Isacsson Angiolithiasis in the parotid gland Int J
- Oral Surg, 7 (1978), p. 113
- - A.K. Raymond, J.G. Batsakis Angiolithiasis and sialolithiasis in the head and neck
- Onn Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 101 (1992), pp. 455-457
- - S.J. Morris, H. Adams Case report: paediatric intramuscular haemangioma-don't
- overlook the phlebolith Br J Radiol, 68 (1995), pp. 208-211
- - J.E. Scott Hemangiomata in skeletal muscle Br J Surg, 44 (1957), pp. 496-501
- - M. Waner, O. TM The role of surgery in the management of congenital vascular
- anomalies Tech Vasc Intervent Radiol, 16 (2013), pp. 45-50
- - W.P. Smith, S. Prince, S. Phelan The role of imaging and surgery in the
- management of vascular tumors of the masseter muscle J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 63 (2005), pp.
- -1752
- - Rossiter JL, Hendrix RA, Tom LW, et al. Intramuscular hemangioma of the head
- and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;108:18-26.
- - Greene AK, Alomari AI. Management of venous malformations. Clin Plast Surg
- ;38:83-93.
- - J.W. Zheng, H.M. Mai, L. Zhang, et al .Guidelines for the treatment of head and
- neck venous malformations Int J Clin Exp Med, 6 (2013), pp. 377-389
- - H.L. Becker Masseteric muscle hypertrophy and its intra-oral surgical correction J
- Max Fac Surg, 5 (1977), pp. 28-35
References
- J.B. Mulliken, J. Glowacki Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants
and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics Plast Reconstr Surg, 69 (1982),
p. 412
- S. Russell, R.G. Watts, S.A. Royal, et al. Group A streptococcal infection of an
intramuscular venous malformation: a case report and review of the literature Pediatr Emerg
Care, 24 (2008), pp. 839-841
Thi-Qar Medical Journal (TQMJ):Vol.( 26),No.(2),2023
Web Site: https://jmed.utq.edu Email: utjmed@utq.edu.iq
ISSN (Print):1992-9218
- R.S. Glade, G.T. Richter, C.A. James, et al. Diagnosis and management of pediatric
cervicofacial venous malformations: retrospective review from a vascular anomalies center
Laryngoscope, 120 (2010), pp. 229-235
- G. Anneroth, C.-M. Eneroth, G. Isacsson Angiolithiasis in the parotid gland Int J
Oral Surg, 7 (1978), p. 113
- A.K. Raymond, J.G. Batsakis Angiolithiasis and sialolithiasis in the head and neck
Onn Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 101 (1992), pp. 455-457
- S.J. Morris, H. Adams Case report: paediatric intramuscular haemangioma-don't
overlook the phlebolith Br J Radiol, 68 (1995), pp. 208-211
- J.E. Scott Hemangiomata in skeletal muscle Br J Surg, 44 (1957), pp. 496-501
- M. Waner, O. TM The role of surgery in the management of congenital vascular
anomalies Tech Vasc Intervent Radiol, 16 (2013), pp. 45-50
- W.P. Smith, S. Prince, S. Phelan The role of imaging and surgery in the
management of vascular tumors of the masseter muscle J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 63 (2005), pp.
-1752
- Rossiter JL, Hendrix RA, Tom LW, et al. Intramuscular hemangioma of the head
and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;108:18-26.
- Greene AK, Alomari AI. Management of venous malformations. Clin Plast Surg
;38:83-93.
- J.W. Zheng, H.M. Mai, L. Zhang, et al .Guidelines for the treatment of head and
neck venous malformations Int J Clin Exp Med, 6 (2013), pp. 377-389
- H.L. Becker Masseteric muscle hypertrophy and its intra-oral surgical correction J
Max Fac Surg, 5 (1977), pp. 28-35