Main Article Content
Abstract
cause of COVID-19.This viral disease like any other diseases, the infection linked to this
one might be brought on by a parasite, virus, bacteria, or other kind of microbe.
Methods. Examining the level of antibodies in the serum of patients of anti- E. histolytica
IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies and anti-CMV IgG and IgM antibodies are measured by
immunoassay of patient's sera by ELISA system and whole blood was withdrawn to check
for bacteremia.
Results. As a result, 60 blood samples from COVID-19 patients were taken, along with 30
samples from healthy individuals, for testing to find antibodies against E. histolytica and
Cytomegalovirus. The patients were clinically and radiographically proven to have the
COVID-19. To screen for bacteremia, the entire blood was tested.
Conclusions. The results show a significant difference in the titration of E. histolyticaIgA antibody, IgG and IgM. COVID-19 patients with CMV-IgG antibody showed (100%) rate
of infection reporting a significant differences during the current study, while CMV-IgM
antibody showed (3.3%) rate of infection. Regarding bacteremia, all results of bacteria
detection in blood culture of Covid-19 patients were negative and there is no relationship
between the infection of COVID-19 and bacteremia.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 University of Thi-Qar Journal Of Medicine

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
- - Yanagawa, Y., Nagata, N., Yagita, K., Watanabe, K., Okubo, H., Kikuchi, Y., Gatanaga, H., Oka, S., &
- Watanabe, K. (2021). Clinical Features and Gut Microbiome of Asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica
- Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(9), 3163–3171.
- - Yang, L., Liu, S., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Wan, X., Huang, B., Chen, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2020). COVID-19:
- immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 5(1).
- - Hemphill, A., Müller, N., & Müller, J. (2019). Comparative pathobiology of the intestinal
- protozoan parasites giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium parvum.
- Pathogens,8(3).
- - Ankri, S. (2021). Entamoeba histolytica—gut microbiota interaction: More than meets the eye.
- Microorganisms,9(3) ,1–12.
- - Mohammed Saba, A., Muhammad, A., Baba, J., Mustapha, A., & Hussaini, H. B. (2020).
- Prevalence Of Entamoeba Histolytica Infection Among Primary School Children In Five Selected
- Communities Of Wushishi Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. Fudma Journal Of Sciences, 4(3),
- –667.
- - Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2020). Technical
- documents for COVID-19 prevention and control. CCDC Weekly, 2 (19), 332-337.
- - Kiyoyama, T., Tokuda, Y., Shiiki, S., Hachiman, T., Shimasaki, T., & Endo, K. (2009). Isopropyl
- alcohol compared with isopropyl alcohol plus povidone-iodineas skin preparation for prevention of
- blood culture contamination. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 47(1), 54–58.
- - Ghosh, S., Padalia, J., & Moonah, S. (2019). Tissue Destruction Caused by Entamoeba histolytica
- Parasite: Cell Death, Inflammation, Invasion, and the Gut Microbiome.Current Clinical Microbiology
- Reports ,6( 1), 51–57.
- - Zorbozan, O. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Access to Healthcare: The
- Experience of the Diagnostic Parasitology Laboratory of Ege University. Turkish Journal of Parasitology,
- (2), 124–128.
- - Azmi, N., & Othman, N. (2021). Entamoeba histolytica: Proteomics bioinformatics reveal
- predictive functions and protein–protein interactions of differentially abundant membrane and cytosolic
- proteins. Membranes, 11(6).
- - Elsaftawy, E., Wassef, R., & Amin, N. (2021). Can endemic parasitic diseases and/or vectors play
- a role in the COVID-19 pandemic?, parasitologists united journal, 14(1), 7–14.
- - Abuljadayel, D., Atef, A., Al-Matary, M., Edris, S., Al-Quwaie, D. A. H., Alsubhi, N. H., Al-Hindi, R.
- R., Sabir, J. S. M., Hall, N., & Bahieldin, A. (2020). Detection of a negative biomarker for amebiasis
- (Entamoeba histolytica) in the human gut mycobiome. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research,
- (2), 2363–2394.
- - Mahmood, N., & AL-Ghazal, A. (2020). Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus and its Roles in Cytokines
- Stimulation in Immunocompromised Patients in Mosul City. Rafidain journal of science, 29, 17-27. Iraq,
- (3), 17–27.
- - Flaih, M. H., Khazaal, R. M., Kadhim, M. K., Hussein, K. R., & Alhamadani, F. A. B. (2021). The
- epidemiology of amoebiasis in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq (2015-2020): Differentiation of Entamoeba
- histolytica and Entamoeba dispar using nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiology
- and Health, 43.
- - Hamza, D.M., Malaa, S.F., & Alaaraji, K.K. (2021). Real-Time-PCR Assay Based on
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase Gene for Detection of Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites in Stool Samples in
- Holy Karbala, Iraq. Medico-Legal Update, 21, 1656-1664.
- - Mahmood, S. A. F., & Bakr, H. M. (2020). Molecular Identification and Prevalence of Entamoeba
- histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii in Erbil City, Northern Iraq. Polish journal of
- microbiology, 69(3), 263–272.
- - Al-Salehy, Z.K., & Mohammad, Z.A. (2020). Relationship between fecal calprotectin and other
- immunological parameters in diarrheal children infected with Entamoeba histolytica and pathogenic
- bacteria in thi-qar province,Iraq. Plant Archives,20 , 1089-1095.
- - Afar, J. ’, Adam, S., Yahaya, M. G., Nas, F. S., Mu’azu, L., & Ali, M. (2021). Determination of
- prevalence rate of Entamoeba histolytica among children diagnosed with acute diarrhea in kano,
- Nigeria. Journal of the Medical Sciences, 9,16-18.
- - Smith, A.P., & Pawelec, G. (2020). Possible causes of disparities in the risk and outcomes of
- COVID-19: Cytomegalovirus and aged immune phenotype. Journal of Clinical and Translational
- Research, 6, 92 - 93.
- - Ibrahim, M. N. (2021). Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus antibodies among COVID-19 patients.
- Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 14(3), 1561–1565.
- - Alanio, C., Verma, A., Mathew, D., Gouma, S., Liang, G., Dunn, T., Oldridge, D. A., Weaver, J.,
- Kuri-Cervantes, L., Pampena, M. B., Betts, M. R., Collman, R. G., Bushman, F. D., Meyer, N. J., Hensley, S.
- E., Rader, D., Wherry, E. J., Baxter, A. E., D’Andrea, K., … Vanderbeck, A. N. (2022). Cytomegalovirus
- Latent Infection is Associated with an Increased Risk of COVID-19-Related Hospitalization. The Journal
- of Infectious Diseases,10,1-11.
- - Gatto, I., Biagioni, E., Coloretti, I., Farinelli, C., Avoni, C., Caciagli, V., Busani, S., Sarti, M.,
- Pecorari, M., Gennari, W., Guaraldi, G., Franceschini, E., Meschiari, M., Mussini, C., Tonelli, R., Clini, E.,
- Cossarizza, A., Girardis, M., Girardis, M., … Serpini, G. F. (2022). Cytomegalovirus blood reactivation in
- COVID-19 critically ill patients: risk factors and impact on mortality. Intensive Care Medicine,48,706-
- - Lantos, P. M., Hoffman, K., Permar, S. R., Jackson, P., Hughes, B. L., & Swamy, G. K. (2017).
- Geographic disparities in cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious
- Diseases Society, 6(3), 55– 61.
- - Hemmersbach-Miller, M., Alexander, B. D., Pieper, C. F., & Schmader, K. E. (2020). Age matters:
- older age as a risk factor for CMV reactivation in the CMV serostatus–positive kidney transplant
- recipient. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases,39(3), 455–463.
- - A.ALTaie, A., A.Ibraheem, M., & A. Muhammad, M. (2019). Detection of Cytomegalovirus by
- ELISA Technique in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Mosul / Iraq. The 6th International Conference of
- Biotechnology, Environment and Engineering Sciences. 141–147.
- - Esquer Garrigos, Z., Wingler, M.J., Svoronos, P., Vijayvargiya, P., Goodman-Meza, D., O’Horo, J.C.,
- Navalkele, B.D., Cretella, D.A., Frame, I.J., Parham, J.J., & Lucar, J. (2021). Increased rates of blood
- culture contamination during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Infection Control and Hospital
- Epidemiology, 1 - 3.
- - Gülseren, Y. D., Esenkaya Taşbent, F., & Ozdemir, M. (2019). Investigation of CMV and Rubella
- Seroprevalence and Age Related Distribution in Pregnant Women. Journal of Turkish Microbiology
- Society, 49(3):154-161.
- - Siennicka, J., Dunal-Szczepaniak, M., Trzcińska, A., Godzik, P., & Rosińska, M. (2016). High
- Seroprevalence of CMV Among Women of Childbearing Age Implicates High Burden of Congenital
- Cytomegalovirus Infection in Poland. Polish journal of microbiology, 65, 425 - 432.
- - Ait Zirri, K., Elfersani, F., Amrani, A., & Soraa, N. (2021). Microbial Coinfections in Patients with
- SARS-CoV2. International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research, 05(02), 260–266.
- - Mahmoudi, H.(2020)Bacterial co-infections and antibiotic resistance in patients with COVID19,15.
- - Mahmoudi, H. (2020). Bacterial co-infections and antibiotic resistance in patients with COVID19. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control, 15.
- - Mormeneo Bayo, S., Palacián Ruíz, M. P., Moreno Hijazo, M., & Villuendas Usón, M. C.
- (2022).Bacteremia during COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary hospital in Spain. Infectious Diseases and
- Clinical Microbiology,40(4), 183–186.
- - Ibrahim, H.M., Mohamed, A.M., & Mabrook, H. (2021). Hematological and biochemical effects of
- Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica, and Schistosoma infection among Hepatitis C virus patients
- from Menoufia Province, Egypt. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ),5(3), 295–301.
- - Thelen, J.M., Buenen, A.G., van Apeldoorn, M.J., Wertheim, H.F., Hermans, M.H., & Wever, P.C.
- (2021). Community-acquired bacteraemia in COVID-19 in comparison to influenza A and influenza B: a
- retrospective cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1).
- - Koksal, I., Aksoy, F., Kaya, S., Taş, M., & Yılmaz, G. (2019). 2310. No Recurrence in Recovered
- People with CCHF: A Cross-Sectional Study From Turkey, Preliminary Report. Open Forum Infectious
- Diseases, 6, S792 - S792.
- - Suarez-de-la-Rica, A., Serrano, P.M., de-la-Oliva, R., Sánchez-Díaz, P., Molinero, P., FalcesRomero, I., Ferrando, C., Rello, J., & Maseda, E. (2021). Secondary infections in mechanically ventilated
- patients with COVID-19: An overlooked matter? Spanish Journal of Chemotherapy, 34, 330 - 336.
- - Sabeeh F.A and Khalaf A.Kh. (2022). MOLECULAR DIVERSITY FOR ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
- VIRULENCE FACTOR GENES ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH AMOEBIC DYSENTERY . Biochem. Cell.
- Arch. Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 3441-3447.
- - Abed A.A. and Khalaf A.Kh. (2023) . Serological Detection for Toxoplasmosis among Patients
- with Covid-19 in Thi-Qar Province. Archives of Razi Institute, Vol. 78, No. 2 (2023) 715-720.
- - Hameed F.A. and Khalaf A.Kh. (2022). Serological detection for Entamoeba histolytica among
- cancer patients suffering from diarrhea in Thi-Qar province/ Southern Iraq. Journal of Science
- (UTJsci),Volume (9), No.2.
- - Sabeeh F.A and Khalaf A.Kh. (2022).Biochemical study for Amoebic dysentery in patients with
- Entamoeba histolytica in Thi-Qar province/southern Iraq. BASRAH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY
- RESEARCH, 21(S1):14-26
References
- Yanagawa, Y., Nagata, N., Yagita, K., Watanabe, K., Okubo, H., Kikuchi, Y., Gatanaga, H., Oka, S., &
Watanabe, K. (2021). Clinical Features and Gut Microbiome of Asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica
Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(9), 3163–3171.
- Yang, L., Liu, S., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Wan, X., Huang, B., Chen, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2020). COVID-19:
immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 5(1).
- Hemphill, A., Müller, N., & Müller, J. (2019). Comparative pathobiology of the intestinal
protozoan parasites giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium parvum.
Pathogens,8(3).
- Ankri, S. (2021). Entamoeba histolytica—gut microbiota interaction: More than meets the eye.
Microorganisms,9(3) ,1–12.
- Mohammed Saba, A., Muhammad, A., Baba, J., Mustapha, A., & Hussaini, H. B. (2020).
Prevalence Of Entamoeba Histolytica Infection Among Primary School Children In Five Selected
Communities Of Wushishi Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. Fudma Journal Of Sciences, 4(3),
–667.
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.(2020). Technical
documents for COVID-19 prevention and control. CCDC Weekly, 2 (19), 332-337.
- Kiyoyama, T., Tokuda, Y., Shiiki, S., Hachiman, T., Shimasaki, T., & Endo, K. (2009). Isopropyl
alcohol compared with isopropyl alcohol plus povidone-iodineas skin preparation for prevention of
blood culture contamination. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 47(1), 54–58.
- Ghosh, S., Padalia, J., & Moonah, S. (2019). Tissue Destruction Caused by Entamoeba histolytica
Parasite: Cell Death, Inflammation, Invasion, and the Gut Microbiome.Current Clinical Microbiology
Reports ,6( 1), 51–57.
- Zorbozan, O. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Access to Healthcare: The
Experience of the Diagnostic Parasitology Laboratory of Ege University. Turkish Journal of Parasitology,
(2), 124–128.
- Azmi, N., & Othman, N. (2021). Entamoeba histolytica: Proteomics bioinformatics reveal
predictive functions and protein–protein interactions of differentially abundant membrane and cytosolic
proteins. Membranes, 11(6).
- Elsaftawy, E., Wassef, R., & Amin, N. (2021). Can endemic parasitic diseases and/or vectors play
a role in the COVID-19 pandemic?, parasitologists united journal, 14(1), 7–14.
- Abuljadayel, D., Atef, A., Al-Matary, M., Edris, S., Al-Quwaie, D. A. H., Alsubhi, N. H., Al-Hindi, R.
R., Sabir, J. S. M., Hall, N., & Bahieldin, A. (2020). Detection of a negative biomarker for amebiasis
(Entamoeba histolytica) in the human gut mycobiome. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research,
(2), 2363–2394.
- Mahmood, N., & AL-Ghazal, A. (2020). Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus and its Roles in Cytokines
Stimulation in Immunocompromised Patients in Mosul City. Rafidain journal of science, 29, 17-27. Iraq,
(3), 17–27.
- Flaih, M. H., Khazaal, R. M., Kadhim, M. K., Hussein, K. R., & Alhamadani, F. A. B. (2021). The
epidemiology of amoebiasis in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq (2015-2020): Differentiation of Entamoeba
histolytica and Entamoeba dispar using nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiology
and Health, 43.
- Hamza, D.M., Malaa, S.F., & Alaaraji, K.K. (2021). Real-Time-PCR Assay Based on
Phosphoglycerate Kinase Gene for Detection of Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites in Stool Samples in
Holy Karbala, Iraq. Medico-Legal Update, 21, 1656-1664.
- Mahmood, S. A. F., & Bakr, H. M. (2020). Molecular Identification and Prevalence of Entamoeba
histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii in Erbil City, Northern Iraq. Polish journal of
microbiology, 69(3), 263–272.
- Al-Salehy, Z.K., & Mohammad, Z.A. (2020). Relationship between fecal calprotectin and other
immunological parameters in diarrheal children infected with Entamoeba histolytica and pathogenic
bacteria in thi-qar province,Iraq. Plant Archives,20 , 1089-1095.
- Afar, J. ’, Adam, S., Yahaya, M. G., Nas, F. S., Mu’azu, L., & Ali, M. (2021). Determination of
prevalence rate of Entamoeba histolytica among children diagnosed with acute diarrhea in kano,
Nigeria. Journal of the Medical Sciences, 9,16-18.
- Smith, A.P., & Pawelec, G. (2020). Possible causes of disparities in the risk and outcomes of
COVID-19: Cytomegalovirus and aged immune phenotype. Journal of Clinical and Translational
Research, 6, 92 - 93.
- Ibrahim, M. N. (2021). Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus antibodies among COVID-19 patients.
Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 14(3), 1561–1565.
- Alanio, C., Verma, A., Mathew, D., Gouma, S., Liang, G., Dunn, T., Oldridge, D. A., Weaver, J.,
Kuri-Cervantes, L., Pampena, M. B., Betts, M. R., Collman, R. G., Bushman, F. D., Meyer, N. J., Hensley, S.
E., Rader, D., Wherry, E. J., Baxter, A. E., D’Andrea, K., … Vanderbeck, A. N. (2022). Cytomegalovirus
Latent Infection is Associated with an Increased Risk of COVID-19-Related Hospitalization. The Journal
of Infectious Diseases,10,1-11.
- Gatto, I., Biagioni, E., Coloretti, I., Farinelli, C., Avoni, C., Caciagli, V., Busani, S., Sarti, M.,
Pecorari, M., Gennari, W., Guaraldi, G., Franceschini, E., Meschiari, M., Mussini, C., Tonelli, R., Clini, E.,
Cossarizza, A., Girardis, M., Girardis, M., … Serpini, G. F. (2022). Cytomegalovirus blood reactivation in
COVID-19 critically ill patients: risk factors and impact on mortality. Intensive Care Medicine,48,706-
- Lantos, P. M., Hoffman, K., Permar, S. R., Jackson, P., Hughes, B. L., & Swamy, G. K. (2017).
Geographic disparities in cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious
Diseases Society, 6(3), 55– 61.
- Hemmersbach-Miller, M., Alexander, B. D., Pieper, C. F., & Schmader, K. E. (2020). Age matters:
older age as a risk factor for CMV reactivation in the CMV serostatus–positive kidney transplant
recipient. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases,39(3), 455–463.
- A.ALTaie, A., A.Ibraheem, M., & A. Muhammad, M. (2019). Detection of Cytomegalovirus by
ELISA Technique in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Mosul / Iraq. The 6th International Conference of
Biotechnology, Environment and Engineering Sciences. 141–147.
- Esquer Garrigos, Z., Wingler, M.J., Svoronos, P., Vijayvargiya, P., Goodman-Meza, D., O’Horo, J.C.,
Navalkele, B.D., Cretella, D.A., Frame, I.J., Parham, J.J., & Lucar, J. (2021). Increased rates of blood
culture contamination during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Infection Control and Hospital
Epidemiology, 1 - 3.
- Gülseren, Y. D., Esenkaya Taşbent, F., & Ozdemir, M. (2019). Investigation of CMV and Rubella
Seroprevalence and Age Related Distribution in Pregnant Women. Journal of Turkish Microbiology
Society, 49(3):154-161.
- Siennicka, J., Dunal-Szczepaniak, M., Trzcińska, A., Godzik, P., & Rosińska, M. (2016). High
Seroprevalence of CMV Among Women of Childbearing Age Implicates High Burden of Congenital
Cytomegalovirus Infection in Poland. Polish journal of microbiology, 65, 425 - 432.
- Ait Zirri, K., Elfersani, F., Amrani, A., & Soraa, N. (2021). Microbial Coinfections in Patients with
SARS-CoV2. International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research, 05(02), 260–266.
- Mahmoudi, H.(2020)Bacterial co-infections and antibiotic resistance in patients with COVID19,15.
- Mahmoudi, H. (2020). Bacterial co-infections and antibiotic resistance in patients with COVID19. GMS Hygiene and Infection Control, 15.
- Mormeneo Bayo, S., Palacián Ruíz, M. P., Moreno Hijazo, M., & Villuendas Usón, M. C.
(2022).Bacteremia during COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary hospital in Spain. Infectious Diseases and
Clinical Microbiology,40(4), 183–186.
- Ibrahim, H.M., Mohamed, A.M., & Mabrook, H. (2021). Hematological and biochemical effects of
Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica, and Schistosoma infection among Hepatitis C virus patients
from Menoufia Province, Egypt. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ),5(3), 295–301.
- Thelen, J.M., Buenen, A.G., van Apeldoorn, M.J., Wertheim, H.F., Hermans, M.H., & Wever, P.C.
(2021). Community-acquired bacteraemia in COVID-19 in comparison to influenza A and influenza B: a
retrospective cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1).
- Koksal, I., Aksoy, F., Kaya, S., Taş, M., & Yılmaz, G. (2019). 2310. No Recurrence in Recovered
People with CCHF: A Cross-Sectional Study From Turkey, Preliminary Report. Open Forum Infectious
Diseases, 6, S792 - S792.
- Suarez-de-la-Rica, A., Serrano, P.M., de-la-Oliva, R., Sánchez-Díaz, P., Molinero, P., FalcesRomero, I., Ferrando, C., Rello, J., & Maseda, E. (2021). Secondary infections in mechanically ventilated
patients with COVID-19: An overlooked matter? Spanish Journal of Chemotherapy, 34, 330 - 336.
- Sabeeh F.A and Khalaf A.Kh. (2022). MOLECULAR DIVERSITY FOR ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
VIRULENCE FACTOR GENES ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH AMOEBIC DYSENTERY . Biochem. Cell.
Arch. Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 3441-3447.
- Abed A.A. and Khalaf A.Kh. (2023) . Serological Detection for Toxoplasmosis among Patients
with Covid-19 in Thi-Qar Province. Archives of Razi Institute, Vol. 78, No. 2 (2023) 715-720.
- Hameed F.A. and Khalaf A.Kh. (2022). Serological detection for Entamoeba histolytica among
cancer patients suffering from diarrhea in Thi-Qar province/ Southern Iraq. Journal of Science
(UTJsci),Volume (9), No.2.
- Sabeeh F.A and Khalaf A.Kh. (2022).Biochemical study for Amoebic dysentery in patients with
Entamoeba histolytica in Thi-Qar province/southern Iraq. BASRAH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY
RESEARCH, 21(S1):14-26
