Main Article Content

Abstract

Usually identified in the second quarter of being pregnant, pregnant diabetic
mellitus (G.D.M) becomes a frequent pregnant problem. Mothering diabetic
presents an important medical danger regarding the female as well as the fetus
alongside is linked to pregnancies. There is mounting proof showing that
pregnant women having presentational diabetic type1ـmellitus (T1.DM) as well
as type ـ2 diabetes mellitus (T2.DM) experience greater numbers of serious
pregnancy-related issues than pregnancies women having pregnancy-related
diabetes mellitus (G.D.M). An overview of the current research on miRNAs as
diagnostic biomarkers for pregnant as well as preـgestational diabetes is the goal
of this research project. Methods: One hundred ladies participated in this
research as participants. Between the fifth of September 2024, to the 28th of
May 2025, 50 women with pregnancyـrelated diabetes visited the diabetic
consulting clinics at the Maternals & KidsـEducationalـHospital located within
Al-Diwaniyah Province. Medically historical events testing in the lab
(HbA.1cـtest), as well as fasting evaluations were used for diagnosing
individuals with pregnancy-related diabetes. Results: During the present
research, the gene expression of comparative mi.RNA222 as well as the level of
expression within the participants in the G.D.Mـgroup as well as the presumably
controls were quantitatively examined using RTـPCR. Additionally, a
mathematical RT-PCR examination for comparing miRNA222 expressing
themselves was conducted in the present research compared the set of
participants GDM as well as the controls, ostensibly. Conclusion: Owing to this
research, miR5-21-p might be a useful biomarker for G.D.M. Additionally,
miR3ـ222ـp seems to have a positive correlation between fasting plasma glucose,
confirming its function in metabolizingـglucose, whereas miR-21 may affect
resistant to insulin as well as the absorption of glucose.

Keywords

Gestationalـdiabetesـmellitus miR 3 ـ 222 ـ miR ـ 21 ـ 5 p T1DM p

Article Details

References

  1. Liu ZN, Jiang Y, Liu XQ, Yang MM, Chen C, Zhao BH, Huang HF, Luo Q. MiRNAs in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus:
  2. Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. J Diabetes Res. 2021 Nov 24;2021:4632745. doi: 10.1155/2021/4632745.
  3. PMID: 34869778; PMCID: PMC8635917.
  4. Mustafa M, Bogdanet D, Khattak A, Carmody LA, Kirwan B, Gaffney G, O'Shea PM, Dunne F. Early gestational diabetes
  5. mellitus (GDM) is associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared with GDM diagnosed at 24-28 weeks gestation
  6. despite early treatment. QJM. 2021 Feb 18;114(1):17-24. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa167. PMID: 32413109.
  7. Eades, C.E., Burrows, K.A., Andreeva, R. et al. Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the United States and Canada: a
  8. systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 24, 204 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024
  9. -2.
  10. Paulo MS, Abdo NM, Bettencourt-Silva R, Al-Rifai RH. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Europe: A Systematic Review
  11. and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Dec 9;12:691033. doi:
  12. 3389/fendo.2021.691033. PMID: 34956073; PMCID: PMC8698118.
  13. Volkova N.I., Davidenko I.Y., Degtyareva Y.S. Gestational diabetes mellitus // Obstetrics and Gynecology. - 2021.DOI:
  14. https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2021.9.17 4-179 ID: 249449.
  15. Reitzle L, Heidemann C, Baumert J, Kaltheuner M, Adamczewski H, Icks A, Scheidt-Nave C. Pregnancy Complications in
  16. Women With Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2023 Feb 10;120(6):81-86. doi:
  17. 3238/arztebl.m2022.0387. PMID: 36518030; PMCID: PMC10114134.
  18. Ortiz-Quintero B. Extracellular MicroRNAs as Intercellular Mediators and Noninvasive Biomarkers of Cancer. Cancers
  19. (Basel). 2020 Nov 20;12(11):3455. doi: 10.3390/cancers12113455. PMID: 33233600; PMCID: PMC7699762.
  20. Masete M, Dias S, Malaza N, Adam S, Pheiffer C. A Big Role for microRNAs in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Front
  21. Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Jul 25;13:892587. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.892587. PMID: 35957839; PMCID:
  22. PMC9357936.
  23. Juchnicka Ilona , Ku؛إmicki Mariusz , Niemira Magdalena , Bielska Agnieszka , Sidorkiewicz Iwona , Zbucka
  24. Krؤ™towska Monika , Krؤ™towski Adam Jacek , Szamatowicz Jacek TITLE=miRNAs as Predictive Factors in Early
  25. Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology Volume 13 – 2022
  26. URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.839344
  27. DOI=10.3389/fendo.2022.839344 ISSN=1664-2392
  28. Mina Toljic, Nadja Nikolic, Ivana Joksic, Jelena Carkic, Jelena Munjas, Natasa Karadzov Orlic, Jelena Milasin, Expression
  29. of miRNAs and proinflammatory cytokines in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus, Journal of Reproductive
  30. Immunology,
  31. Volume 162, 2024, 104211, ISSN 0165-0378, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2024.104211.
  32. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165037824000202)
  33. Kunysz M, Cieśla M, Darmochwał-Kolarz D. Evaluation of miRNA Expression in Patients with Gestational Diabetes
  34. Mellitus: Investigating Diagnostic Potential and Clinical Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2024 Feb 23;17:881
  35. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S443755. PMID: 38414865; PMCID: PMC10898488.
  36. Li JZ, Absher DM, Tang H, Southwick AM, Casto AM, Ramachandran S, Cann HM, Barsh GS, Feldman M, Cavalli
  37. Sforza LL, Myers RM. Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation. Science. 2008
  38. Feb 22;319(5866):1100-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1153717. PMID: 18292342.
  39. Livak KJ. and Schmittgen TD,.Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method. Nat Protoc.
  40. ;3(6):1101-8. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2008.73. PMID: 18546601.
  41. Livak KJ. and Schmittgen TD,.Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method. Nat Protoc.
  42. ;3(6):1101-8. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2008.73. PMID: 18546601.
  43. and
  44. Cheong L.T., Foo K.Y., Kamun L., et al., (2021). gestational diabetes in Malaysia: A systematic review of prevalence risk
  45. factors outcomes.
  46. Sains Malaysiana 50(8), 2367–2377.DOI:10.17576/jsm-2021-5008-19 (http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5008-19)
  47. Elhag DA, Al Khodor S. Exploring the potential of microRNA as a diagnostic tool for gestational diabetes. J Transl Med.
  48. Jun 17;21(1):392. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04269-2. PMID: 37330548; PMCID: PMC10276491.
  49. Guan CY, Tian S, Cao JL, Wang XQ, Ma X, Xia HF. Down-Regulated miR-21 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Placenta
  50. Induces PPAR-α to Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Infiltration. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020 Aug 24;13:3009-3034.
  51. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S253920. PMID: 32943895; PMCID: PMC7455759
  52. Liu S, Wu W, Liao J, Tang F, Gao G, Peng J, Fu X, Zhan Y, Chen Z, Xu W, Zhao S. MicroRNA-21: A Critical Pathogenic
  53. Factor of Diabetic Nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Jul 5;13:895010. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.895010.
  54. PMID: 35865316; PMCID: PMC9294636.
  55. Hocaoglu M, Demirer S, Loclar Karaalp I, Kaynak E, Attar E, Turgut A, Karateke A, Komurcu-Bayrak E. Identification of
  56. miR-16-5p and miR-155-5p microRNAs differentially expressed in circulating leukocytes of pregnant women with
  57. polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;37(3):216-220. doi:
  58. 1080/09513590.2020.1843620. Epub 2020 Nov 5. PMID: 33148068.
  59. Hongqiang Zhao, Shujuan Tao, MiRNA-221 protects islet خ
  60. ²
  61. cell function in gestational diabetes mellitus by targeting
  62. PAK1, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 520, Issue 1, 2019, Pages 218-224, ISSN 0006
  63. X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.139.
  64. Wander PL, Boyko EJ, Hevner K, Parikh VJ, Tadesse MG, Sorensen TK, Williams MA, Enquobahrie DA. Circulating
  65. early- and mid-pregnancy microRNAs and risk of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017 Oct;132:1-9. doi:
  66. 1016/j.diabres.2017.07.024. Epub 2017 Jul 25. PMID: 28783527; PMCID: PMC5623075.
  67. Jamalpour, S., Zain, S.M., Vazifehmand, R. et al. Analysis of serum circulating MicroRNAs level in Malaysian patients
  68. with gestational diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 12, 20295 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23816-3.
  69. Meerson A, Najjar A, Saad E, Sbeit W, Barhoum M, Assy N. Sex Differences in Plasma MicroRNA Biomarkers of Early
  70. and Complicated Diabetes Mellitus in Israeli Arab and Jewish Patients. Noncoding RNA. 2019 Apr 5;5(2):32. doi:
  71. 3390/ncrna5020032. PMID: 30959814; PMCID: PMC6631160.
  72. Guan CY, Tian S, Cao JL, Wang XQ, Ma X, Xia HF. Down-Regulated miR-21 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Placenta
  73. Induces PPAR-α to Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Infiltration. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020 Aug 24;13:3009-3034.
  74. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S253920. PMID: 32943895; PMCID: PMC7455759.
  75. Flowers AE, Gonzalez TL, Joshi NV, Eisman LE, Clark EL, Buttle RA, Sauro E, DiPentino R, Lin Y, Wu D, Wang Y,
  76. Santiskulvong C, Tang J, Lee B, Sun T, Chan JL, Wang ET, Jefferies C, Lawrenson K, Zhu Y, Afshar Y, Tseng HR,
  77. Williams J, Pisarska MD. Sex differences in microRNA expression in first and third trimester human placenta†. Biol
  78. Reprod. 2022 Mar 19;106(3):551-567. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioab221. PMID: 35040930; PMCID: PMC9077118.
  79. Filardi T, Catanzaro G, Grieco GE, Splendiani E, Trocchianesi S, Santangelo C, Brunelli R, Guarino E, Sebastiani G, Dotta
  80. F, Morano S, Ferretti E. Identification and Validation of miR-222-3p and miR-409-3p as Plasma Biomarkers in Gestational
  81. Diabetes Mellitus Sharing Validated Target Genes Involved in Metabolic Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Apr
  82. ;23(8):4276. doi: 10.3390/ijms23084276. PMID: 35457094; PMCID: PMC9028517.
  83. Tagoma A, Alnek K, Kirss A, Uibo R, Haller-Kikkatalo K. MicroRNA profiling of second trimester maternal plasma
  84. shows upregulation of miR-195-5p in patients with gestational diabetes. Gene. 2018 Sep 25;672:137-142. doi:
  85. 1016/j.gene.2018.06.004. Epub 2018 Jun 4. PMID: 29879500.
  86. Kunysz M, Cieśla M, Darmochwał-Kolarz D. Evaluation of miRNA Expression in Patients with Gestational Diabetes
  87. Mellitus: Investigating Diagnostic Potential and Clinical Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2024 Feb 23;17:881
  88. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S443755. PMID: 38414865; PMCID: PMC10898488.
  89. Kunysz M, Cieśla M, Darmochwał-Kolarz D. Evaluation of miRNA Expression in Patients with Gestational Diabetes
  90. Mellitus: Investigating Diagnostic Potential and Clinical Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2024 Feb 23;17:881
  91. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S443755. PMID: 38414865; PMCID: PMC10898488.
  92. Zhao H. and Tao S., (2019). “MiRNA-221 protects islet β cell function in gestational diabetes mellitus by targeting
  93. PAK1,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 520, no. 1, pp. 218–224, 2019.

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.