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tissue defects. These issues may be caused by illness, injury (trauma), or birth disorders.
Plastic surgery restores and improves function, as well as appearance. It can include surgery on any
part of the anatomy except the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Justice is a concept involving fairness, equality, and equitable treatment.1Cosmetic surgery is usually
considered to be elective in nature and thus not covered by third-party payers. Patients normally pay
for cosmetic procedures out-of-pocket. One could argue that cosmetic surgery is not available to all,
based on personal finances, and therefore does not meet this ethical requirement. On the other hand,
one can argue that since patients are responsible for the cost of their own care, then cosmetic surgery
does not affect the overall availability of health care resources. When using this argument cosmetic
surgery passes this ethical test.
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References
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References
Swami V. Perceptions of female body weight and shape among indigenous and urban Europeans.
Scand J Psychol. 2007;48:43–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Swami V, Chamorro-Premuzic T, Bridges S, Furnham A. Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: Personality and
individual difference predictors. Body Image. 2009;6:7–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Goering S. The Ethics of Making the Body Beautiful:Lessons from Cosmetic Surgery for a
Future of Cosmetic Genetics. The Center for the Study of Ethics in Society. 2001;Vol. 13(No. 3) [Google
Scholar]
Gimilin D. Cosmetic Surgery: Beauty as Commodity. Qualitative Sociol. 2000;23:77–98. [Google Scholar]
Swami V. The influence of body weight and shape in determining female and male physical
attractiveness. In: Kindes MV, editor. Body Image: New Research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books; 2006.
pp. 33–61. [Google Scholar]
Swami V, Furnham A. The Psychology of Physical Attraction. London: Routledge; 2008. [Google
Scholar]
Langlois JH, Kalakanis LE, Rubenstein AJ, Larson AD, Hallam MJ, Smoot MT. Maxims and myths of
beauty: A meta-analytic and theoretic review. Psychol Bull. 2000;126:390–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Quick facts: Highlights of the sASAPS 2007 statistics
on cosmetics surgery. < www.surgery.org/media/statistics> (Accessed May 2009)
British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons Annual Audit 2005. (Accessed May 2009)
https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2017/12/Iraqis-seek-beauty-in-barbersparlors.html#ixzz7vCvoRxWM
Pshenisnov KP. Future of plastic surgery. 9 February 2008 / Accepted: 21 February 2008 / Published
online: 18 March 2008 Springer Science Business Media, LLC; 2008.
Hammadi, Haneen Assad, and E. A. El-Shereef. "Study of knowledge, attitude and practices of plastic
surgery among females students at faculty of education, Taif University, Saudi Arabia." Am J Public Health Res
3 (2017): 63-9.
Otene C.I., Odonmeta A.B., Ebeye O.A., Enivwenae A.O., et al.,. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of
Cosmetic Surherty among Basic Science Studnets of a University in Delta State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of
Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) eISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 15, Issue 4 Ver. X
(Apr. 2016), PP 28-36.
Al Doheyan et al.;. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Concerning Cosmetic Surgery among Female
Medical Students at the University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. BJMMR, 14(4): 1-
, 2016.
Al Doheyan et al.;. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Concerning Cosmetic Surgery among Female
Medical Students at the University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. BJMMR, 14(4): 1-
, 2016.
Toledo LS and Mauad R. Complications of body sculpture: prevention and treatment. Clin Plast Surg.
;33(1):1-11.
Brightman L, Ng S, Ahern S, et al. Cosmetic tourism for breast augmentation: a systematic review. ANZ J
Surg. 2018;88(9):842-847.